Human Resource Integrated Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource Integrated Systems - Essay Example Nowadays due to developing high technologies such systems are used practically by all companies. They are constantly being improved and complemented with additional services. That is why it is possible to draw a conclusion that integrated system play a very important role in every private or public activity. Most of the companies can't imagine their work without these systems as well as without computers. HRIS is a great helper in dealing with human resources. (Reh 2005) The primary functions of the HRIS within the business organization are to monitor the availability of skilled workers, to recruit and to screen applicants for jobs, to help in selecting qualified employees, etc. HRIS can automate and store all the mentioned functions. It is similar to software system, but it is used by employers not by customers. The systems are told to be robust and such as integrate "with third party solutions for payroll tax tables and more". (Human Resources Information System) HRIS disciplinary process gives the opportunity to "flag" employees' records, to send different reminders to diaries and to delete reminders automatically when are not used. (Human Resources Information System) Keeping all copies of employees' certificate

I.C.T Unit 3c Essay Example for Free

I.C.T Unit 3c Essay In this part of the coursework I am going to layout all the needs of a person who has mobility impairment. His name is Scott and he is a 19-year-old engineering student with muscular dystrophy. Scott needs special technologies in order to keep his life running as normal as possible. Some technologies that Scott may need are:   Tracker Ball Head Tracker   Screen Keyboard Brain Switch   Voice Recognition Tracker Ball: A tracker ball is an input device where a finger is used to rotate a ball. This moves a pointer to the screen. A tracker ball is very useful to Scott. This helps him to move the pointer around easily. The tracker ball is a replacement for a normal mouse. Scott has troubles gripping the mouse because of his deficiency. It is easier for him to use a tracker ball because this allows him to gently move the ball just with one finger. This is easier because his hands can shake quite a lot and he cannot control this so using just one finger can make life so much easier and its not as frustrating because he dont need to use up all his energy. The tracker ball also doesnt take up as much space as a normal mouse, because a normal mouse you need sufficient space to be able to move it around freely while as the tracker ball stays in one place and all that is needed is to move the ball in the middle around with your hand. A tracker ball lets Scott run an independent life without needing the help of others. A tracker ball is also needed to use other technologies such as On Screen Keyboard. Head tracker: A tracker is used with head movements, Scott can position the cursor on screen and left and right mouse clicks can be made with a suck-puff switch. To allow Scott to move around freely, communication between the head tracker and the computer is normally carried out via a wire-less infra-red transmitter and receiver. This helps Scott immensely because if his hand becomes tired because it shakes a lot and he tries very hard to keep it stable and control the tracker ball at the same time. When this occurs he can resort to the head tracker and this makes it easier as he only needs to use his head. The head tracker is also used for other technologies like the On Screen Keyboard. This technology does have its disadvantages, one of them is that he has to keep a very stable neck and he has to keep his head up right in order to be able to reach the point he wants. There are sometimes very small buttons which Scott can sometimes miss and has to try various times to be able to click on a button of some sort. This can become quite stressing after a while so the head tracker needs a lot of practice and needs getting use to. On Screen Keyboard: An on screen keyboard is easier for Scott to use because of his deficiency and his hands shake a lot he cannot control the keys properly because his hand is not stable he cannot tap the right keys and can sometimes become very frustrating. So using the onscreen keyboard he can easily access the letters by clicking on them with his tracker ball or head tracker, which he finds easier to use. Without these two technologies he could not use the on screen keyboard. He can also use all the numbers and punctuation that is needed. This can also be easier for him in terms of his head movement. He does not need to be lowering his head to look at the keyboard and then looking up again at the screen, with the On Screen Keyboard, he can keep a constant look at the screen and this doesnt need head movement. Of course, the on screen keyboard can become a bit tiring and a bit useless, because Scott has to find every letter and click on it and this can take quite a while. Speech Recognition: Voice or speech recognition is the ability of a machine or program to receive and interpret dictation. This can be so much easier for Scott, because he has trouble using a normal keyboard because of his deficiency he uses an on screen keyboard, but if Scott wants to write something long or something complex that he cant really use the on screen keyboard because he will get tired and it can get a bit annoying, because he has to type letter by letter. Speech recognition makes it easier because all he needs to do is dictate to the computer what he wants the computer to write down. Of course, he has to make his speech loud and clear in order for the computer to understand what hes saying. Obviously a lot of the technologies have their disadvantages. All voice-recognition systems or programs make errors. Screaming children, barking dogs, and loud external conversations can produce false input. Much of this can be avoided only by using the system in a quiet room. There is also a problem with words that sound alike but are spelled differently and have different meanings for example, hear and here. This technology could take quite some long to get use to, as the computer needs to get use to Scotts voice. Brain Switch: A brain switch allows a severely disabled person to control on/off devices, for example, light switches, a heating switch or other environmental controls. The switch is operated by measuring the biosignals through a contact on the forehead. Scott can be taught to operate the switch by state of mind a calm, quiet state leaves the switch off and an active, excited state switches it on. Although Scott is not severely damaged, this can make his life easier for him. He might not need it urgently or it may not be a must have in his life but this can make his life easier. If he has small light switches or the electrical alarm for his oven is too small for him to be able to get it turned off quickly then the switch can help him turn this off. Small things like this can really change his life to make it easier because these small things are what he does regularly and this way he knows that he can count on the brain switch to help him out. But I know there are people who need it more than Scott would but it can still be a technology to help Scott with his daily life. In conclusion I think that most of these technologies do make Scotts life much easier to handle with his deficiency. Obviously not all of these technologies are 100% effective and every technology has their disadvantages as I have listed above but there are more advantages to the technologies then there are disadvantages and I think that as long as it helps Scotts even a little bit, its very successful because its helping the difficulties of someones life so much easier. [A1] [A1]You need to conclude your work by saying how these technologies either meet or do not meet Scots needs.

Death Penalty and Electric Chair Essay examples -- essays research pap

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Moran writes that he aims â€Å"to demonstrate how our most cherished social values can be manipulated to serve pecuniary interests: the way in which public policy is affected by behind-the-scenes maneuvering of powerful and often ruthless business interests,† I think he is talking solely about the death penalty (xviii). There are various aspects within the death penalty that make it a much more dynamic issue. Throughout his book, Moran writes about the inhumanity of the death penalty, including the barbaric methods and public spectacle of the act prior to William Kemmler, and most importantly, the safety and efficacy of direct current versus alternating current in the eventually preferred method of the electric chair. Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse, along with a few others, were the players who manipulated how the public, and therefore the lawmakers, felt about this social policy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it is today, the death penalty was a big debate issue in the early part of the nineteenth century. I think it is interesting that, considering his major public role in this issue, Thomas Edison was initially against capital punishment. When Dr. Southwick solicited Mr. Edison’s advice on the electric chair, Edison wrote â€Å"as a progressive and a free thinker, he was a lifelong opponent of the death penalty† (74). With further prodding, and deeper review, Edison realized how getting involved with this issue would help his personal business cause. Thomas Edison’s light business was quickly losing ground to rival George Westinghouse. He knew he was widely respected as an electrical engineer and claimed not to change his stance on executions, but acknowledged the necessity and offered a humane alternative with electricity. More specifically and strategically, he offered up George Westinghouse’s alternating current dynamos as a possibil ity because he claimed, â€Å"the passage of the current from these machines†¦produces instantaneous death† (75). These statements made their way to the Elbridge Gerry, an Edison admirer and man appointed to head a review commission on the death penalty. Not surprisingly the focus of the policy soon changed to the barbarity and inhumanity of executions, especially hangings, and ways to make the process more civilized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elbridge Gerry’s commission report, influenc... ...dison hoping to get Edison to say something about Westinghouse. Moran writes, â€Å"but Edison was too shrewd a businessman, and too conscious of his reputation, to say anything negative about his rival† (179). Ultimately Kemmler was resentenced to die by electrocution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, Thomas Edison knew his power and prestige and he saw the potential to remove his biggest competitor by manipulating how the public felt about the safety of alternating current. George Westinghouse hoped that he could save his reputation and business by appealing to the unknown regarding electricity. He manipulated the public’s concern over the possible painful and ineffective electric chair. Both were driven not by progress and humanity, as Edison claimed, or concern for the criminal, as Westinghouse claimed, but by power and money in the industry that both men were pioneering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Richard, Moran Executioner’s Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Invention of the Electric Chair. (New York: Vintage Press, 2002), pp 74, 75, 84,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  105, 160, 179.

The Satire of Gullivers Travels Essay -- Gullivers Travels Swift Es

The Satire of Gulliver's Travels      Ã‚  Ã‚   During the eighteenth century there was an incredible upheaval of commercialization in London, England.   As a result, English society underwent significant, "changes in attitude and thought", in an attempt to obtain the dignity and splendor of royalty and the upper class (McKendrick,2).   As a result, English society held themselves in very high regards, feeling that they were the elite society of mankind.   In his novel, Gulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift satirizes this English society in many ways.   In the novel, Swift uses metaphors to reveal his disapproval of English society.   Through graphic representations of the body and it's functions, Swift reveals to the reader that grandeur is merely an illusion, a facade behind which English society of his time attempted to hide from reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On his first voyage, Swift places Gulliver in a land of miniature people where his giant size is meant as a metaphor for his superiority over the Lilliputians, thus representing English society's belief in superiority over all other cultures.   Yet, despite his belief in superiority, Swift shows that Gulliver is not as great as he imagines when the forces of nature call upon him to relieve himself.   Gulliver comments to the reader that before hand he, "was under great difficulties between urgency and shame", and after the deed says that he felt, "guilty of so uncleanly an action" (Norton,2051).   By revealing to the reader Gulliver's shame in carrying out a basic function of life, Swift comments on the self imposed supremacy of English society.   By humbling their representative, the author implies that despite the belief of the English to be the most civilized and refined soc... ...and nobility.   Through clever representations, Jonathan Swift successfully humbles this society's pride and human vanity.   He reveals the flaws it their thinking by reducing them to what they are, human beings, which, like any other group of human beings is able to do, have merely adopted a superficial self righteous attitude. In doing so, Swift makes a broader statement about mankind today.   Despite all the self acclaimed advances in civilization and technology, we are still merely human; suffering from the same forces and flaws, impulses and imperfections as everyone else.    Works Cited McKendrick, Neil. Brewer, John. Plumb, J.H. The Birth of a Consumer Society, Indiana Universtiy Press, Great Britan, 1982. Swift, Jonathan. "Gulliver's Travels".   Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th Ed. M.H. Abrams, vol.1, New York: Norton, 1986.

Modern US history

As an intellectual enterprise, contemporary social sciences are replete with claims of social collapse. Over the last 20 years, scholars have proclaimed â€Å"the end of history,† â€Å"the end of politics,† â€Å"the end of work,† â€Å"the end of the family,† â€Å"the end of liberalism,† â€Å"the end of medicine,† â€Å"the end of ideology,† â€Å"the end of individualism.† There is little doubt that we are experiencing massive social change. As we are approaching the year’s end, something new is emerging, helter-skelter, in our midst that bears little resemblance to any existing political, theological, or sociological model of how the world is supposed to work. The social shifts are sufficiently different in character to have produced a new social form, one suitably widespread and anchored to become visible. This claim of a new social form lies at the heart of the postmodern contention that we have entered an era of ambiguity, and we argue that postmodernists advance this claim in a way that sociologist cannot ignore. While they are right on target in capturing the spirit of rapid social change that characterizes the present era, their embrace of the resulting â€Å"chaos† as a new social form is misguided: they mistake an era of societal transition for a new enduring social structure or even a hybrid of modern society. In historical perspective, what we are now experiencing bears a striking similarity to the place on the cultural and historical map that created sociology at the end of the last century. Rising suicide rates, the growing prominence of Protestant countries and the subsequent demise of Catholicism’s hold on the Western world, and the movement from agricultural to industrial production all have their parallels in the current social era. Rather than embracing the change and ambiguity they surveyed, and mistaking it for what â€Å"modern† society would be. One of the major tasks of sociology at the turn of this year is to struggle to understand the new institutional and personal structures that characterize contemporary social forms and not abdicate to other disciplines the task of making sense of emergent societal transitions and structures. A widespread belief seems to be emerging that the U.S. economy is in the throes of a fundamental transformation. The true enthusiasts treat the new economy as a fundamental industrial revolution as great or greater in importance than the concurrence of inventions, particularly electricity and the internal combustion engine, which transformed the world at the turn of the year. There is no dispute that the U.S. economy is awash in computer investment that productivity has revived. Economists have long been ambivalent about what social interactions constitute the proper domain of the discipline. The narrower view has been that economics is primarily the study of markets, a circumscribed class of institutions in which persons interact through an anonymous process of price formation. Throughout much of the twentieth century, mainstream economics traded breadth for rigor. In the first half of the century, institutional economics, which thought broadly but loosely about social interactions, gradually gave way to the neoclassical theory of general competitive markets. A pivotal development was the transformation of labor economics from a field narrowly concerned with work for pay into one broadly concerned with the production and distributional decisions of families and households. The important development was the emergence in macroeconomics of endogenous growth theory. Whereas classical growth theory assumed that the production technology available to an economy is exogenous, endogenous growth theory supposes that today’s technology may depend have been influenced by the past output of the economy. The broadening of economic theory has coincided with new empirical research by economists on social interactions. Unfortunately, the empirical literature has not shown much progress. Economics has sufficed with a remarkably small set of basic concepts: preferences, expectations, constraints and equilibrium. Widespread literacy is alleged to be indispensable to popular government. Dramatic changes in communication technologies which are said to affect exposure to traditional print media-we need to look afresh at reading’s political impact. Learning to read is a political act. Inability to read limits an individual’s participation in community life. It was probably for this reason that slaves in the antebellum South were kept illiterate. Even today, a connection between literacy and citizenship exists in evidence showing that persons who read are more likely than those who do not identify with larger political communities. American people are haunted by Old World hegemonies and hence are committed to individualism and modernism for philosophical and practical reasons. American people are a restless and contentious lot producing a kaleidoscope of attitudes about most social issues. The American people can be found in the election turnout figures and in gross economic indicators, to e sure, but they are more than that; they are also the meanings of their behaviors. Raised on a diet of political supremacy and technocratic invincibility, the American people were shaken to the core by 9/11. Shortly thereafter, a number of bromides caught the national ear: â€Å"America has lost its innocence forever,† â€Å"this is the first war of the twenty-first century,† â€Å"the U.S. just joined the world of nations.† At some point, history may prove these claims true. But 9/111 has already shown something more heartening: the functionality of a longstanding communal discourse. Admittedly, that discourse is shot through with contradictions and impossible overstatements. That contradictions and overstatements can prove sustaining to a people is a curious fact-an American fact. Reference: Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States. Available on-line: http://www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html.

Russias participation in the f essays

Russias participation in the f essays Russias participation in the First World War was not the main reason for the collapse of the tsarist system. It was merely the spark that ignited all the problems that had been brewing for some time under the tsarist regime. The strain of world war one, for which Russia was not prepared, the pressure of the opposition parties, which increasingly used personal abuse as a weapon against the imperial family, general unrest and constant agitation of the Russian workers and peasants, famine and poor leadership were all factors that proved too great a strain on the absolutist society. The downfall of Russia was due to its failure to handle the intense problems that had been intensified by the war. Although Russias economy had somewhat boomed from 1861 1913 it still was not strong enough to support a war. There can certainly be no doubt that the war will require expenditures exceeding Russias limited financial resources(Morcombe and Fielding, 1998, page 59). The problems that grew due to the financial inadequacy of Russia were catastrophic in the eyes of the tsarist system. Famine reigned over Russia and riots began to break out as people were starving and could not afford the rising price of bread. In Moscow bread has risen by 47 percent in price, in Odessa 80 percent (Morcombe and Fielding, 1998, page 63). Transport was tied up with porting weapons and soldiers to the front. On February 23rd, a hunger strike broke out in St. Petersburg, demanding food and an end to the war. But nothing was done to address these growing problems, which eventually helped lead Russia into revolution. Perhaps the greatest entity that attributed to Russias downfall was lack of leadership and support of that leadership. When Nicholas II left to be on the battlefront, his wife Alexandra was left to rule. But she was deeply influenced by Rasputan, a self-proclaimed holy man that had clawed his way ...

The French and Indian War essays

The French and Indian War essays The French and Indian War was the beginning of the American Revolution. During this war, tensions grew to an immense degree, especially when the British found out that the Americans were secretly trading with their enemies the French and the Spanish. Also, when the British issued the Proclamation of 1763 to try to prohibit the colonists from migrating west, the colonists became extremely upset, thinking that the British were siding with the Native Americans who lived there. The colonists moved anyway, in spite of the Proclamation, and the Native Americans became their blood enemies. Due to this, the colonials were able to increase their self-esteem and military experience while becoming united with ideas of independence. Before the French and Indian War was initialized in the Ohio Valley in 1754, Great Britain treated the colonists with salutary neglect which enabled the colonials to grow on their own for about four decades. However, this all changed when the British entered the war by invading Canadian territory in 1756 and fought alongside with the American militiamen. The presence of the British Redcoats began to kindle animosity with the colonials because the more experienced British soldiers treated the American soldiers with contempt and acted as if they were higher than them. This growing tension between Britain and her colonies grew even worst during the war when the British discovered that the colonists were secretly trading with their enemies, the French and the Spanish, by using fraud papers. In response to this, the British were forced to discontinue the export of all goods from the New England and Middle colonies towards the end of the war. When the French were removed from North America at the end of the war, several combined Indian tribes under the leadership of Pontiac invaded and destroyed all but three British posts on the western frontier. This event convinced the British Parliament to s...

Compare and Contrast the American and French Revolutions

Compare and Contrast the American and French Revolutions Both the American and French Revolutions were focused around liberty and equality. Both countries were trying to gain freedom. America was trying to gain freedom from the rules and taxes put upon them by Great Britain. Whereas the French wanted to abolish the French monarchy and create a better government in which the people could have more of a say in society. Although the revolutions of both started for very similar reasons, and both countries fought for the same thing, the outcomes of the two were very different.The American Revolution was mainly focused on gaining independence. After the British victory during the Seven Year War, America was tied down from the British rules. America was obligated to pay off the war, and to pay the high taxes that British Parliament assigned. The British enforced the Stamp Act on the Americans. The stamp tax levied taxes on commercial and legal documents, such as, diplomas, pamphlets, newspapers, almanacs, dice, and playing cards.This (attributed to ) originally appeared during t...

COM 5 informal report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

COM 5 informal report - Essay Example We all were exceedingly happy and anxious to board the plane to Japan. We woke up early that morning and were well prepared to leave United States to Japan. We boarded the plane, Japanese Airline, at 7oclock in the morning on 2nd August and took 8 hours to Japan. At the plane, the stewards and hostesses were exceptionally courteous and hospitable. We were served with drinks and snacks by the stewards and hostesses. On arrival, we were welcomed by airline staff members and taken to the hotel rooms where we would spend the night. The next morning we visited Mitsubishi Motor Company where we interviewed several employees and observed their conduct. Through my interview with Hiroshima Kumamoto, I noted that Japanese companies appraise upholding harmony and excellent reputation with customers and the community in general. Culturally Japan values patience, politeness, hard work, honesty, affiliation and team work. Different cultural settings have different ways of communicating. In reference to Locker and Kiensler (2010), Japanese treasure sitting in silence and calmness (p. 132). They regard United States propensity to squirm and shift as a signal of spiritual and mental balance deficiency. Audiences and interviewers react negatively to restlessness. Japanese use body language to indicate attributes such as respect, confidence, agreement, interest and emotional participation. Moreover, I established that Japanese employees take pleasure in a paternalistic association with their employers and work for one company for all their life. This opposes the Western Companies who try to motivate their workers to maintain the same job. The next day we visited Toyota Motor Company where we established that, In Japan, employee promotion is not based on merit (Locker & Kiensler, 2010, p. 135). This is in contrast to the western primary basis of promoting workers. An employee’s age is the most essential

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Operations Management - Essay Example 29). Through measuring the effectiveness of the new applications at the CEUPU, it becomes easy to calculate the cycle time for the applications process. What is more, comparing the application process with other different units can be a comparable way of doing the calculations. The processing of an application involves several tasks and operations and so a large number of people are usually involved in the long run. Without doubt, the processing of applications is a prolonged course of action that requires watchful examination by several checkers taught to develop assessments (McFarlan & Delacey, 2003, p. 315). In order to calculate the number of people involved in the processing of an application, it is worth taking a look at some essential elements. To begin with, it is undeniable that a unit deals with roughly over 200 applications on a weekly basis. Reflecting on this point of view, several tasks have to be completed by different employees such as clerks, secretaries, and managers, for the process to run smoothly in due course. What this means is that the number the number of people involved in the process will be determined by the type of execution required in the system. More than 10 members of staff can be helpful towards running the entire procedure. However, it is worth noting that the increased number of people available to run the process may bring confusion when it comes to the allocating of duties. Therefore, it is advised when calculating the number of people involved in the process to consider a small number of people in order to ensure effectiveness is given the first priority. Citing on the fact that the entire processing unit is programmed to perform various tasks, it may be difficult to locate an individual file. Worth mentioning, for to be in position to locate an individual file, several calculations and requirements must be met accordingly. In one way or the other, the central processing unit is designed in such

CourseHND health and social care (topicworking in partnership) Essay

CourseHND health and social care (topicworking in partnership) - Essay Example Client interactions form the basis of Client involvement. Client interactions sometimes are nerve wracking. To involve clients it is essential to build a strong client relationship. A good starting point is to work on the little things like Having informal meetings outside of your formal meetings with the client that can really help your status as their trusted advisor. Hence you can get some information that was not shared in the formal meeting that can even further help you serve their business needs. It also might help you to learn more details about their business, which also helps you to provide service to them better. Client involvement is based on the premise that people with learning disabilities and mentally ill is people first. It focuses throughout on what people can do, with support where necessary, rather than on what they cannot do. The various changes in client involvement have resulted in innovative approaches to partnership working. Effective partnerships are very essential to achieving social inclusion for people with learning disabilities. The changes have made the client groups with mentally ill and learning disabled more independent and respectable. The changes also provide the clients core services which are seamless fast and responsive. By working in partnerships with other local agencies, the clients are provided physical, social and emotional support with life limiting disorders in their own homes as an alternative to hospital-based care. b) Objective To illustrate the development of working in partnership prior to NEW LABOUR GOVERNMENT and to analyze various legislation issues. Development prior to New Labour Government Prior to New Labour Government partnership working was not widespread because of A lack of agreement about values and service objectives. An inability or unwillingness to agree on financial arrangements. Low priority being given to joint working within organizations. Children Act 1989 Under the Children Act 1989, Local Authorities, have a general duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children within their area who are in need. Local Authorities should work in partnership with parents; the first option must be to work with the parents by voluntary arrangement. The authority by working in partnership with the local agency must assess a child's needs and promote the upbringing of children. The following have been provided by working in partnership with the local authorities: Day care for pre-school and other children. Provision of accommodation for children Advice and assistance for mentally challenged children. NHS Community Care Act 1990 The NHS and Community

Against Solar Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Against Solar Energy - Essay Example Solar energy is harnessed light and, heat from the sun converted in electricity. It has a wide range of uses e.g. heating of water, producing electricity, heating and lighting in buildings, industrial and commercial uses etc. But it also has an opposite side. Some people may say that it is the most effective compared to other types of energy because the light and heat are natural. However, they forget that solar energy is derived from sun. This means that without the sun, no energy can be available. Making of photovoltaic panels there are chemicals used. These chemicals are elements that are harmful to the environment. â€Å"Cadmium† and â€Å"Arsenic† harmful to the environment and can bring bad side effects to people. They require good disposal to avoid pollution of the environment. Solar energy system plants need a lot of space that could otherwise be used for other things. The area needed needs to be free from all sorts of objects that can obstruct light rays. This shows that it can be problematic to people who have small compounds especially the ones who live in cities. It leads to depletion of animal habitats. It is also true to say that production of solar energy is dependent. The operation and effectiveness of solar cells depends on a balanced mixture of some compounds. This mixture harness light energy and then takes it to another contact that works electrically. More so, the life span of organic solar cells in very short. It can only stay for only 5 years in commercial applications.

Dislocated Shoulder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dislocated Shoulder - Essay Example In most cases,  dislocation occurs due to direct fall or blow on the outstretched arm. Additional, there are posterior (backward) and the inferior or the downward dislocation (Rockwood, 2009). The posterior occurs occasionally, and it is to electric shock. Shoulder Dislocation often leads to severe pain that makes the victim unable to move the affected shoulder in a particular direction; thus, making their rams numb. Sometimes, the dislocated shoulder makes the arm twist off the body with the arm facing towards the back (Kuehl and National Association of EMS Physicians (U.S.), 2002). A severely dislocated shoulder is visible whereby the victims shoulder appears unusual. Dislocated shoulders can be tested and examine in different ways; however, it is pertinent to note the time of injury, prior medical condition to the problem or injury, and how the injury occurred. Some of the tests include the deltoid muscle test, touch sensation, twist, hand movement, and x-ray in the invisible situations (Rockwood, 2009). The treatment of the dislocated shoulder may include medication to a lessen pain and some cases require a general anesthetic. The treated patient is often sent home in shoulder immobilizer or sling (Rockwood, 2009). This reduces movement of the shoulder thereby facilitating recovery. Additionally, a pillow may be placed in between the body and the affected arm to help support the injured shoulder. A fully recovered victim may get back to the pitch but can avoid or prevent further injuries by learning safe landing

Against Solar Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Against Solar Energy - Essay Example Solar energy is harnessed light and, heat from the sun converted in electricity. It has a wide range of uses e.g. heating of water, producing electricity, heating and lighting in buildings, industrial and commercial uses etc. But it also has an opposite side. Some people may say that it is the most effective compared to other types of energy because the light and heat are natural. However, they forget that solar energy is derived from sun. This means that without the sun, no energy can be available. Making of photovoltaic panels there are chemicals used. These chemicals are elements that are harmful to the environment. â€Å"Cadmium† and â€Å"Arsenic† harmful to the environment and can bring bad side effects to people. They require good disposal to avoid pollution of the environment. Solar energy system plants need a lot of space that could otherwise be used for other things. The area needed needs to be free from all sorts of objects that can obstruct light rays. This shows that it can be problematic to people who have small compounds especially the ones who live in cities. It leads to depletion of animal habitats. It is also true to say that production of solar energy is dependent. The operation and effectiveness of solar cells depends on a balanced mixture of some compounds. This mixture harness light energy and then takes it to another contact that works electrically. More so, the life span of organic solar cells in very short. It can only stay for only 5 years in commercial applications.

Nutrition classes in Texas middle schools Essay

Nutrition classes in Texas middle schools - Essay Example The youth of Texas, aged 9th through 12th grades, reported only 17% were eating the recommended number of fruits and vegetables daily, with about 45% actually meeting the physical activity requirements for people in that age group. They also reported more than 38% drank at least one non-diet soda per day. (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh, &Merchant, 2005) The burden of obesity has cost private Texas businesses more than $3.3 billion and the state Medicare/Medicaid system more than $ 5 billion annually. (Castellon, 2008) The U.S. Surgeon General’s office report that more than 70% of overweight children go on to become overweight adults. Efforts aimed at reducing obesity should be initiated during early childhood with positive role modeling of healthy relationships with food and exercise. The focus should be more on healthy lifestyles as opposed to dieting solutions once the weight has accumulated. (Castellon, 2008) It is projected that by the year 2025, only 14% of adult Texans will be of normal weight, resulting in over $15 billion being spent annually for obesity related health issues. Texas has already begun to invest in nutrition and wellness education by spending $20 million in support for school physical education, fitness, and nutrition programs for middle-schoolers, in 6th – 8th grades. ... (Castellon, 2008) According to an independent study published by the American Journal of Public Health in 2008, the declining results may be attributable to the implementation of the Texas Public School Nutritional Policy, which took effect in 2003. The study collected three years worth of lunch menus and student choices, combined with health evaluations of Texas school children in more than six hundred participating schools across Texas. The Nutritional Policy aimed at instituting change by reducing availability of non-nutrient items, providing milk, fruits and vegetables, as well as healthy entree items on the menus. The entrees featured foods higher in protein, fiber, vitamins A and C, and Calcium. This study supports that school lunch choices had the potential to impact the problem of obesity showing short term reductions in obesity for participants, with further research being required. (Cullen, 2008) The International Journal of Obesity reported an increase in early onset child hood obesity with more prevalence in Mexican Americans and African Americans than in non-Hispanic White participants. The fat patterning in these groups was also more noticeably truncal, located around the middle region of the body; this pattern is more closely associated with Type II Diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, and cardiovascular risk factors. (Park, Menard, Schoolfield, 2001) (Guzman, 2011) In taking a closer look at the ethnic patterns of obesity, several factors appear to be involved. First of all, non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics were found to be less likely to engage in physical activities. This was attributed to less availability of safe areas to perform physical activities. Secondly, this group was also found to be more satisfied with

Labelling Processes Essay Example for Free

Labelling Processes Essay The labelling theory is a micro interactionist approach, this is because it focuses on how individuals construct the social world through face-face interactions. It recognises the concept of the ‘procedural self’ where ones identity is continuously constructed and recognised in interaction with significant others, this results in the individual’s behaviour, including that related to crime and deviance. Significant others are those who are in high social power and thus able to dictate influence and actively determine an individual’s life. Such individuals may include police officers, prison officers, politicians, parents and teachers. Feminists would argue however that these are all the males in society, determining and controlling the lives of females, keeping society patriarchal. The influence that significant others place on individuals lives is through the use of labels, the labels aren’t usually based on individual characteristics, more so stereotypes, working assumptions and professional knowledge. For example Cicaurel found that police patrolled working class areas more intensively, resulting in more arrests, this is due to the police’s stereotypical view that delinquent individuals are part of the working class. Lemert distinguishes between primary and secondary deviance in society. Primary deviance involves minor offences such as vandalism or smoking underage and these acts are usually uncaught or insignificant. However an individual may be caught for such acts and inturn be labelled as delinquent or deviant, the social reaction of this label results in the development of secondary deviance: more serious crimes such as assault or drugs. This therefore illustrates that it is not the act itself but the hostile societal reaction by significant others that creates serious deviance, thus crime and deviance being products of the labelling process. Support for this idea is research conducted by Jock Young on hippy marijuana users. Drugs were associated with hippies which demonstrate primary deviance. Police then labelled and persecuted hippies for their behaviour, excluding them from normal society. AS a result a deviant subculture emerged where hippies retreated into closed groups, grew hair out long, wore eccentric clothes and drug use became a central activity. Gove argued that there are two consequences of labelling: creation of sigma, modification of self images. Stigma is the negative branding of an individual and refers to the public condemnation and exclusion of the criminal. The media tend to exaggerate the behaviour of such people, causing increased fear and moral panic in society, resulting in avoidance and constantly being treated with suspicion. Becker refers to a ‘master status’ where once a person is labelled all of their actions are interpreted in light of the label and only negative aspects of that individual’s behaviour are focussed on. Because of the stigma created from the label a modification of self image occurs in the individual. The individual essentially lives up to their deviant label, becoming the person described in the label. The process of deviancy amplification whereby any punishments or treatment therefore reinforce the individual perception of the criminal, thus more crimes fitting to the label are carried out. This theory can however by criticised because it is determinist, where individuals have n control over the process and once they have been labelled they will inevitably turn deviant or criminal. Social action theorists believe in free will and individual’s choice to reject their label. In addition the label may cause the opposite result where an individual seeks to actively prove their label wrong by thriving and succeeding in their work/ life. Furthermore the labelling theory claims that deviant and criminal behaviour only occurs when a label is given, it does not account for crimes committed by those who have no labels placed upon them. Marxists, for example, would argue the theory fails to explain middle class, white collar or corporate crime, since the offenders have high social power and would be significant others rather than the individuals labelled. In conclusion although the labelling theory offers some explanation as to the crime and deviance in today’s society there are many gaps. Other explanation such as subcultural crime and deviance would argue that it is not the interaction of individuals but the illegitimate opportunity structures within society that results in crime and deviance.

Human Comfort in the Internal Environment

Human Comfort in the Internal Environment There are many factors that affect human comfort in the internal built environment. Human comfort is affected by thermal factors; physical factors and personal factors. Another factor that can affect human comfort is sound of the environment around them. The final factor that affects the human comfort is the visual of the room and the light intensity. There are ways to measure the physical factors that affect human thermal comfort, the sound comfort and the visual comfort. Temperature The average temperature inside a building is 19-21 degrees and outside is -1 degrees, but there are two different thermal factors that affect the temperature of the room and human comfort; they are physical and personal factors. The physical factors include; air temperature, mean radiation temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. The air temperature inside of a building will change depending on the temperature outside the building, and the k-values of the materials used to build the walls and insulation. K-values are the values that all materials have which shows how good insulators the materials are, the lower the k-value the more affective the materials are at retaining heat. The u-value is what the overall heat resistance of the materials are. Air temperature is also affected by the people inside the building and they activity they are doing. The mean radiant temperature is also a factor affecting human comfort; the mean radiant temperature is the radiation that is coming into the building from windows and walls, balanced against the radiation given off by the human body. The relative humidity is another factor that affects the air temperature; the relative humidity is the percentage of water vapour saturation that is in the air. The final physical factor that affects human comfort is the air velocity; this is the movement of the air throughout a building or a room. This can be affected by the convection in the room, the warm air enters a room and rises to the ceiling, pushing the cold air downwards and draught also changes the air velocity, the cold air flows into the room and makes the temperature of the draught path colder that the room temperature. Personal factors can affect the human comfort in a building, these include; age, gender, state of health, clothing and the level of activity. The age of a person greatly affects the temperature of a room; older people give off less heat then younger people. The gender of a person is a factor affecting the temperature they give off, with females giving off 85% less heat than males. Gender is also a factor that affects the temperature given off by people, females give off less heat than males, and they give off 85% of what the male body gives off. The state of health of the person also affects the heat that they give off and the temperature of the room, a person who is sick or has an illness gives off less heat that a person who is physically healthy. The clothing you are wearing also affects the temperature that you need to be comfortable, depending on the weight of the clothing you will need different temperatures to feel comfortable e.g. swimwear 29 degrees, light clothing 25 degree s, suit, jumper 22 degrees, coat, glove, hat 14 degrees. The level of activity you are doing also affects the heat that you give off and the temperature needed to feel comfortable. Sleeping 70W, watching TV 115W, office 140W, factory work 265W, lifting 440W. Sound Sound in the environment that a person occupies greatly affects their comfort in the building. Sound is a form of energy that is transmitted in pressure waves and changes depending on the pressure of the air in the room. Sound is the vibration of the particles in a wave that send the particles in all directions and spread out; this creates a pattern of refraction and compaction. Sound has two different sources and types where it can originate from, they are impact/structure-borne sound and air-borne sound. These are different as they are where the source of the sound comes from. Air-bone sound is sound which travels through the air before reaching a partition, meaning that the vibrations must have travelled through the air before they reach the partition. Main sources of air-borne noise are; voices, radios and musical instruments. Impact sound is vibrations that are generated on the partition and a continuous vibration can be classed as a series of impact noises in succession. Impact noise does not travel through air like air-borne noise does. The main sources of impact noise are; footsteps, slamming doors and vibrating machinery. It is important to know the difference between impact and air-borne noise as the methods that are used to prevent them are very different. However a single source could generate both air-borne and impact noise e.g. footsteps, on the floor below the origin, the sound would be impact as it is started on the partition, but in the room of the sound it travels through it before reaching the partition making it both air-born and impact. There are different ways of preventing both types of sound, so different installations must be put in to insulate from the type of sound. Air-born sound can be prevented by a mass of partitions e.g. thick walls as lightweight particles give very little resistance unless they are in layers. The main ways to prevent impact sound are by using vibration pads and soft covering on floors and walls. Sound reverbera tes, so if a sound suddenly stops the sound will not stop instantly. The time taken for the reverberation of a sound decays at different rates depending on the area of the exposed surfaces, sound absorption values of the materials used in the building, the distance between the surfaces and the sound and the frequency of the sound. Light The final factor that affects human comfort is light intensity. If the light levels are too low or too high then it will not be as suitable. Light travels in rays and bounces off objects and into the eye. The rays cannot bend so they must go in straight lines, but light can be refracted through certain materials which can bend the beam slightly. The light needs to be the right intensity so that the eyes dont have to strain too much if it is too dark or if the light is too bright it may blind. Light can be controlled by letting certain amounts of natural light through windows and also by the brightness of the artificial light from the light bulbs. Natural light can be controlled by using darkened windows and the artificial light can be controlled by having dimmers on the lights to change the intensity as the intensity of natural light changes. Glare can affect the human comfort, glare is a light intensity that is too high reflecting off a surface and reflecting into the eyes making it difficult to see detail or may cause visual discomfort. P2- Describe how each factor is measured There are methods that are used to measure the physical factors that affect human thermal comfort. To measure the physical factors, the instruments that are used are; thermometers, globe thermometer, hygrometer and anemometer. A thermometer is a device that is used to measure the temperature of a room, a thermometer includes a liquid that rises as the temperature does and on the side a scale that measures the temperature in  °C and degrees  °F. A globe thermometer is a device that measures radiant heat and consists of a thermometer sensor with a bulb located at the middle of a black copper bulb. The globe thermometers units of measurement are  °C. This can be used to calculate the mean radiant temperature providing that you know the air velocity and temperature. A hygrometer is an instrument that is used to measure that saturation of water vapour in the air of the surrounding environment. This instrument relies on the pressure, temperature, mass and mechanical or electrical cha nge. By calibrating the device and calculating the other factors the humidity can be worked out. It measures its units in percentages. An anemometer is a device used to measure the speed of wind, but there is also an anemometer that measures the pressure of wind, it consists of three or four cups that revolve around a shaft at different speeds depending on the wind temperature and pressure. They are measure in meters per second. Sound is measured using a sound level meter, this instrument analyses the sound that it picks up and uses electronics to convert the sound onto a digital scale. Sound level meter can pick up sound instantly or can be used to pick sound up over time and the average can be calculated. The intensity of light in a room can be measured using a light meter. The light meter works using an electrical current which is generated by photosensitive electrons that detect the amount of light hitting the surface. This causes the electrons to react depending on the amount hitting the surface and is then converted into an electrical reading. P3- State acceptable values for each factor Each measurement has a range of acceptable values that affect the human comfort is the environment. The suitable range for temperature in a room is from 19 °C- 21 °C. This is also the same value with a globe thermometer. The acceptable value for the humidity of a room ranges from 40%-60%. The units of measurement that sound is calculated in is decibels and the suitable range in a workplace is from 135dB-137dB maximum. Light intensity is measured using Lux, the acceptable values for the intensity of light is 50- 100Lux. P4- Interpret underpinning concepts relating to structures under load Buildings have many different components that are used to keep the building steady and ensure that it is as structurally strong as possible. There are six different structural members that are used in buildings, they are; struts, ties, beams, columns, roof and frames. In buildings the structural members are used to assist the buildings when they are holding a load or to help protect against loads. There are three different types of loads that are user upon a building, they are; dead loads, imposed loads and wind loads. Structural Components A tie is a structural component that is designed to carry tensile force on a building or high standing structure. They hold the building steady and help to resist high winds. Struts are used to distribute the weight throughout the building. The strut attaches to the roof and wall. The weight of the roof pushes down on the struts and transfers the weight onto the wall. This is the compressive force that is pushing against the weight of the structure. Beams are used to span between walls, they have both the forces of compression and tension acting upon them. They can be supported by columns. Columns are used to support a weight and transfer it vertically and downwards, they support the foundation and can be used to prevent beams from bending and breaking under the force. Beams are also used to keep the columns in place. They vary in size and are very important to the structure, if they are too long or too thin then the column may become distorted and will not work well. Walls are also a structural member. There are two different kinds of walls; they are load bearing and non-load bearing in fill panels. Load bearing walls are classed as structural elements as the force is safely carried to the foundations of the structure. They are built of stronger materials than normal walls; this makes the walls more solid and prevents the wall from breaking. The non-load bearing walls are made of cheaper, lighter materials as they are not needed for structural integrity. Frames are the final structural member. Frames are when all of the other structural members are linked together in a building. There are different kinds of frames depending on which structural members are linked together. Frames can be designed on computer software which makes the complex structures easier to make. However, they still need reviewing. There are three different types of frame structures, they are; grid skeleton, truss frame and portal frame. Loads The three different types of load are dead loads, imposed loads and wind loads. Dead loads are loads which are stationary and will not move throughout the life time of the building. They remain static and are never added to or removed from the structure. Imposed loads are another load that acts upon a building. Imposed loads are also known as dynamic loads. They are loads that change throughout the life of a building. Live loads can unpredictably change, so the supports that are used need to be placed for unpredictable changes. The final load that acts upon a building is wind load. The wind load can be also classed as a live load. They are unpredictable and can vary depending on where the building is and the exposure of the walls. The resistance of the walls needs to be designed to resist live loads that will change unpredictably. Load Configurations A building will have different kinds of loads on it. There are two different kinds of load configurations, they are; point loads and uniformly distributed loads. The way that the buildings are strengthened for the different loads varies greatly to be as safe and efficient as possible. A point load is a weight that will act on a certain point on the floor; this is normally used for a heavy item that wont be moved. This is supported by a beam with greater or equal strength pushing upwards. However, a uniformly distributed load is for live loads that will move constantly and isnt too heavy. The uniformly distributed loads are evenly distributed loads throughout the structure. It is easier to design a building on the uniformly distributed load as this works for most loads that are in a building. Stress Buildings have many things that can change their forms and shapes. Stresses act on the structural members and materials that are used in the building. The different types of stresses are; compression, tension, shear, stress and strain. Compression is a vertical force that is formed when a downward force pushes down on the structure. Stress is the force, in newtons, that is acting upon a cross sectional area. Compression and tension usually act upon the same objects, such as a beam. Tension is when the fibres within the material are being pulled apart. The material is stretched and disfigured, making it weaker. When shear is acting upon a material the layers of the object shift and the object becomes weaker and stretched. This can pull apart materials which are connected by bolting and welding. Strain is not a force, but it is a measurement, it is the extension of length. Strain has no unit as it is ratio. There are three different types of strain; tensile strain, compressive strain a nd shear strain. Tensile strain is when the fore applied pulls a material from both ends, this stretches the material. Compressive strain is when the force applied crushes or compresses a material; this reduces the length of the material. Shear strain is the force applied which changes the shape of an object. However, the volume of the material stays the same. P5- Predict simple structural behaviour from given data Shear Negative shear on a beam will force the right hand side of the beam upwards, distorting the shape and strength in the left half of the beam. Whereas, positive shear on a beam will force the left hand side upwards, this could result in the beam cracking or snapping. Bending Bending on a beam also affects the shape and effectiveness of a beam. Positive bending in a beam causes the beam to bend downwards and causes more pressure on the lower cross section of the beam; this is known as sagging. But negative bending causes the beam to bend upwards, putting more pressure on the upper cross section of the beam; this is known as hogging. These both cause distortion on the beam and make the beam unfit for its use. Compression Tension P6 Identify the main performance criteria relating to the specification of a range of vocationally relevant construction materials There are many materials that can be used in a building. Each of the different materials has different uses and is suited to preventing certain things happening to the buildings structure and aesthetics. Three materials that are most commonly used as building materials are; timber, plastics and metals. Timber Timber is one of the most common materials used in a building. It is very versatile and can be used for many things. Timber has been used in buildings for thousands of years. Timber is strong because of the direction of the grain. If it is split across the grain it is much stronger than splitting down the grain. But if the timber is split perpendicular to its grain it will be much weaker. Timber is a very rigid material and has and does not bend unless under very high amounts of stress and would snap if too much weight and pressure is put upon it. Timber is a porous material as it has pockets of air; this means that it can absorb water. Timber materials are hydroscopic, meaning that they easily absorb large amounts of water from the air. Because of moisture movement, this means that if hydrated timber goes from a cold place to a heated house then the timber would shrink, become distorted and crack. Timber has no thermal or electrical conductivity, meaning that it has high resistivity. Timber does not conduct electricity or heat. This means that is can be used to stop the flow of electricity and heat. Timber has a very low U-value, so it is a very good mat erial to insulate with. Timber is also a very durable and strong material. However, it is not fireproof, meaning that if it is exposed to fire it will burn. Because timber is inconsistent, it must be stress graded so that it can be set to different uses. There are many different uses for timber; floor joists, ceiling joists, roof rafters, hip rafters and roof trusses. TRADA literature is responsible for grading the timber, their uses and the average span of the timber. Metal Metal has multiple uses in construction because of its diversity. The metal that is used the most in construction is mild steel. Steel is very strong and can cope well many different situations; steel can also have a small high of elasticity in it depending on its size and width. Steel can normally take a high amount of stress and will return to its original shape, meaning that steel has a high elastic limit. Steel has no prosperity, meaning that is has no air gaps in it and cannot absorb water. Steel is a water proof material and can be used to store water, block an area or route of water or to protect something from water e.g. steel roof sheeting. When steel is heated it will expand. Steel, like any other metal, is a very good conductor of thermal and electrical energy. This meant that metals can be used as electrical wiring and radiators. Steel, because of its density, allows it to be a durable material. But it may rust if it is not maintained. Metal is used a lot in construction; lead roof lining, stainless steel wall tiles, steel frames and galvanised roof straps. Plastics Plastics are another material that is frequently used lots in construction. Plastics are complex compounds that are produced by polymerisation. Plastics are malleable, so they can be altered and moulded into any shape and used for many different things. . Plastic is very resilient and does not degrade. They are also very versatile and most plastics are water proof and cheap. Plastic is not a very strong material and, but plastic has high elasticity, so it will begin to deform quicker but will return to its original shape. Plastic is not a very porous material and will resist water well, making it a good material to stop the flow of water. This also means that the moisture movement within plastic would not change as because it has no air pockets that can fill with moisture. Although plastic has a high electrical resistivity, it has a very high thermal conductivity, making it a good material to insulate wiring, but also a good material to distribute heat. Plastics are not very durable as they can scratch easily and can become weathered, so are often used inside and covered. Plastics are used in many different parts of construction; PVC window frames, to cover and watertight gaps. P7- Describe the production process and/or manufacturing process for two vocationally relevant construction materials All materials that are used in construction must go through a specific production process to make them as strong and pure as possible. This is so that they will last longer and many will be recyclable. Timber Timber has a very specific process that makes it as strong as it can and as resilient as possible. When trees are cut down for timber they are selected and only certain trees may be cut down from certain areas. After the trees are cut down they must be replaced so that the population of trees stays steady. When trees are cut down they are very moist, so they must dry the timber out. They do this by using a certain method. This method is air/ kiln drying. After this is done, the moisture of the tree is reduced greatly and the timber becomes stronger. Many different timber products can then be produced by from the timber after the moisture percentage drops below 20%. There are two different categories for timber, they are hardwood and softwood. Hardwoods are stronger than soft woods because the hardwoods contain two types of cells. There are cells that transfer sap and cells that provide strength to the tree. There are many different trees that produce hardwood, they are; oak, beech, ash and walnut. Softwood trees are weaker and normally include trees such as Douglas fir. Steel When steel is produced it can go through one of two processes which strengthen and purify the steel and make it as strong as possible. The UK steel industry uses two different processes to manufacture steel. The arc furnace is use, this is powered by electricity. The other method is the basic oxygen converter. There are three raw materials that are used to make steel, they are; fluxes, molten iron and coke. The arc process uses raw materials that are cold to start with. A vessel is filled with lots of recycled scrap steel. Electric probes are dropped into the vessel and the lid is shut. When the power is turned on arcs from between the probes and melts the mixture. Other metals are added as the process goes on so that the best quality steel can be produced. Oxygen is blown into the mixture so that the steel can be purified. The second method that is used to create mild steel is the oxygen convertor. This process uses molten iron, produced in a blast furnace. The molten iron is poured into a vessel and scrap steel is added. Oxygen is then blown into the mixture by a lance, this purifies the steel and the impurities float to the surface of the mixture. The bi-product of this process, slag, is then scraped off the top. The purified steel is then taken to be processed into ingots, billets or is continuously poured and rolled into shape. P8- Describe the important features and properties of construction-related materials Criteria There are many different criteria that affect the materials and whether or not the materials are effective. The specifications which affect these are whether it is fit for purpose, aesthetics, the costs, resistance to degradation, ease of installation and use, environmental implications, sustainability and recycling potential, COSHH considerations and compatibility of the materials. All of these factors will affect the decision of which materials to use. Fit for purpose Materials usually have a standard or specification set by and recognised standards body. All materials have a set fit for purpose; these are recognised worldwide and are the quality standards. This is so that the materials can be purchased globally with the same specifications. Aesthetics The appearance of a material is very important to the architects, designers and the client. The look of the material can also be linked in with the texture of the material and the materials that are used with it. Light can also be a large factor in the appearance of materials. The look of the material may change in different lights and different temperatures. The traditional materials that were being used are less popular and the newer, greener materials are becoming more popular and are seen as more attractive. Costs Costs of materials are also a very important factor in the decision of what will be used. If the budget of the project is low or running out then the materials would have to be cheaper. Higher quality materials are also more costly than materials that are a lower quality. However, more expensive materials will prove to be cheaper in the long term over a longer time as they will not need to be replaced changed or repaired often. Resistance to degradation Materials quality and density is linked with the resistance of the material. If the material is used in a busy area then it will need to be a more dense material. Degradation can be a result of many things; Vandalism Wind Rain Frost Sunlights harmful UV rays Air pollution Age of the material Design is a very important factor in the resistance of material. The placements of certain things that help the materials resist certain factors. Material selection takes many factors into account, the environment, location and the usage. Ease of installation or use A material that would need tradesman to install would be more costly than a material that could be installed and used by anyone. If a material is also easily maintained, it will be cheaper and more desirable. If a material needs replacing it may cost a lot more if a tradesman in needed again. A cheaper material may also have large costs when it needs to be replaced or repaired at the end of its life span. Environmental implications Issues involving greener materials are becoming more important with new buildings. Whether a material is environmentally friendly is a large factor in material selection. The amount of carbon produced in the manufacturing of the material and the embedded energy must both be taken into consideration when deciding on a material. Materials which are wholly or partially recycled should be considered over other materials so that the effect of global warming can be reduced. Sustainability and recycling potential Materials should now include elements of sustainable materials and should be designed with regards with the environment so that valuable resources are not use up in the process. Timber products are a good material as they are produced from trees, which can be re-grown and will not run out, the waste materials can be used for different products and can be recycled into other products after it has been used and needs to be changed. COSHH considerations The control of substances hazardous to health is very important when choosing materials to build with. This is important as it takes into account: Chemicals used in the production of the material Chemicals used to treat the materials Chemical additive part of a material Many materials include chemicals which are harmful, so they need a trained operative to install the materials. Products like solvents are being replaced in use as the solvents are harmful to the environment in its use in modern products and also the production process. Manufacturers data sheets are also read so that the chemicals used are safe and acceptable and if not then the chemicals should be changed so that it is less harmful to the environment. Compatibility Compatibility is also a factor which affects the material choice. If certain materials are not compatible with each other and may react badly to each other, this can cause types of corrosion and would be costly in maintenance and replacement. Ways that this can be avoided is by applying finishes to the surfaces that will protect them from chemicals given off in reactions. Properties The properties of a material have a large effect on the decision of the material that will be used. Different materials have different strengths and will be better suited in certain situations. The properties that are taken into account are; strength, elasticity, porosity and water absorption, thermal and moisture movement, thermal and electrical conductivity/resistivity, thermal transmittance, durability, workability, density, specific heat capacity and viscosity. Strength The strength of a material is the amount of tension, stress or weight that a material will be able to endure before the materials limit is reached and begins to deform. Materials strength vary depending on the type of material. Elasticity Elasticity is the amount of stress that a material can take before it reaches its elastic limit and the material becomes distorted and its dimensions are altered permanently. The elasticity of a material will also vary depending on the production and the nature of the material. Porosity and water absorption Porosity is the amount of air pockets or pores that are within a material. The density of a material is closely linked with porosity. If a material is heaver per unit volume then it will have fewer pores inside. The porosity of a material is tested by weighing the material then leaving the material in water for a set amount of time and re-weighing the material. This will provide a measurement, which can be shown as percentages, of the amount of water that the material absorbed. Thermal and moisture movement Thermal movement is changes in materials depending on the time of year. All materials contract with cold and expand with heat. Many materials have high rates of expansion and contraction, so predictions of joints must be provided for in the brickwork or concrete. These joints would allow for expansion and contraction and helpful in areas with changing climates. Moisture movement is the ability for materials to absorb water from the air. Materials that can absorb a lot of moisture from the air may expand and deform. But if placed into a warm area, they can shrink and become distorted. Thermal and electrical conductivity/resistivity The thermal and electrical resistivity is the materials ability to block the passage of electric and thermal energy. Thermal and electrical conductivity is closely linked in materials. Materials that are good conductors of heat are usually good conductors of electricity. However, plastics dont conduct electricity but are good conductors of heat. Any metal can conduct electricity. Thermal transmittance Thermal transmittance is the U-value of a material. The U-value of materials tells you how effective the material is at stopping heat. If a U-value is lower it is more efficient at stopping the passage of heat. Durability Durability is the materials resistance to any form of damage that can occur to the surface of the material. This is also linked to the life cycle of the materials. Denser materials are very durable and can withstand large amounts of surface damage, making them more hard wearing than materials that are less dense. Materials durability also depends on whether the material is looked after correctly and if it has the right forms of varnish and protection. Workability Workability is how easily a material can be produced and formed. The workability of materials has many factors that affect it. If a material has too much or too little of what is needed to make it then the material will be harder to work with and form into the right shapes and sizes without any imperfe

Exploration of To the Lighthouse :: essays papers

Exploration of To the Lighthouse In Virginia Woolf's fiction, the breakdown or breaking open, of traditional literary forms in the light of the twentieth century querying of perception, reality and linguistic meaning, is recorded as a reconceiving of the novel-form. Throughout the course of her novels she lays down a challenge to official ways of measuring proportion, light, time and human character. Abolishing chapter and verse, Woolf creates a rhythmic, wave-like form of undulating passages as in music, where the structure of parts within an individual movement is a continuous flow rather than a series of stops and starts. She identifies language itself as a volatile and indeterminate system of mirroring suggestions; reality as potentially unknowable, and the novel form itself as inclined to substantial change to accommodate these perspectives. Virginia Woolf renounces the narrative persona as a sort of privileged extra character testifying to indisputable mental and physical events and evaluating their significance. She shifts significance to the act of mediation itself as a primary subject to be investigated "*. To the Lighthouse "*develops a system of passing the baton of interior monologue from one character to another by its eavesdropping of the self-sealed consciousness of a group enwrapped in meditation through the round of two life-encapsculating days. In "*To the Lighthouse"* the proportion of direct speech to indirect speech is minuscule, and, indeed rudimentary. If we reduce the first section of the novel to its dialogue, the following structure emerges:'Yes, of course, if it's fine to-morrow,' said Mrs Ramsay. 'But you'll have to be up with the lark'...'But,' said his father . . . 'it won't be fine.'*'But it may be fine - I expect it will be fine,' said Mrs Ramsay . . . 'It's due west,' said the atheist Tansley . . .'Nonsense,' said Mrs Ramsay . . . *'There'll be no landing at the Lighthouse to-morrow,' said Charles Tansley . . . 'Would it bore you to come with me, Mrs Tansley?' 'Let us all go!' she cried . . . 'Let's go,' he said. 'Good-bye, Elsie,' she said. (pp.3-16) Inconsequent voices demur about the weather: typical English conversation implying an apathetic form of communion, signifying little - so we might assess this dialogue if it were presented to us as I have transcribed it, dissecting it from its root-network in the complex matrix of the narrative voice which recounts the soliloquies of the persons from whom these extracts of conversation are gathered.

Word Recognition for the Journey of Life :: Education, Phonics

Most adults are able to see words and instantly know their meaning. For example, we will see the word futon and associate it with furniture and not foods. Word recognition is a skill that is developed over years and occurs in stages. It is important for teachers to recognize these stages and Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) stress that knowing those stages will allow teachers to help those students with reading troubles (pg. 191). The first stage Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) mentioned is Logographic or the visual cue reading stage. You will often hear a mothers say that her child can read because he or she recognizes words of famous landmarks. This is because they recognized word using only visual cue (pg. 191). They then shift to the second stage of partial alphabetic stage or phonic cue recoding stage. In this stage, children have a working knowledge of the alphabet. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) made clear that children are not reading whole words but are only looking at the first and last part of words and also mostly relying on pictures and context (pg. 192). From this stage, children move into the full alphabetic stage. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) say by then they are paying attention to the pattern of words and how vowels are situated (pg. 192). The last stage is big accomplishment in reading. Known as the sight word reading stage children automatically recognize words w ithout chunking or sounding out. It is within this stage that comprehension takes place. Phonics help children learn to read. It is the first step in decoding or sounding out words. The first step in teaching phonic is to teach children how to identify each letter by its name and their sounds. Flashcards are great to use in this process. The letters can be shown and students say the sounds. As they progress I would implement phonogram as described by Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010). Children need to know how combinations of letters make sounds. For example ck say k as in clock. I would teach this through word games. I would also show them that they can change letters to make new words e words such as cat into hat. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) went on to say that it is also effective to read a book with decodable words and manipulate letters in words to make other words (pg.

Wilkerson Company

Assessment 2 – Individual By – Andrew Chan WILKERSON COMPANY Overview Wilkerson Company is facing a decline in profits and has attributed this to a severe price cutting exercise in their Pumps line of products, dropping the company’s pre-tax margin to less than 3%, far below the historically healthy 10% margins. It appears that gross margins on pump sales in the latest month had fallen below 20%, well below the budgeted gross margin of 35%. Although a recent increase to Flow Controllers by 10% seems to have been overlooked by competitors and have not caused an apparent effect on demand. Wilkerson had always practiced using a simple cost accounting system in their business. Cost Drivers | |Valves |Pumps |Flow Controllers |TOTAL | |Production |7500 |12,500 |4,000 |24,000 | |Direct Labor |10 |12. 0 |10 | | |Material Costs |16 |20 |22 | | | | | | | | |Machine Hours |3,750 |6,250 |1,200 | | |Production Run |10 |50 |100 | | |No. f Shipments |10 |70 |220 | | |Hrs Engineering |250 |375 |625 | | | | | | | | |Direct Labor Expenses |75,000 |156,250 |40,000 |$271,250 | |Direct Material Expenses |120,000 |250,000 |88,000 |$458,000 | Action Whilst a simple cost accounting system gives us the overall picture of the company, it doesn’t truly reflect an accurate picture of the performance of each product. In order to get a clearer picture of the situation, we need to examine the true relation of costs on each product based on their activities. For this to happen, we need to use the ABC system to examine and identify the overhead costs of each product based on their activities. [pic] Machine |Set Up |Receiving |Engineering |Shipping | |$336,000/ |$40,000/ |$180,000/ |$100,000/ |$150,000/ | |11,200 |160 |160 |1250 |300 | |=$30 p/h |=$250 |=$1,125 p/run |=$80 p/h |=$500 p/ship | Manufacturing Overhead Using ABC | |Valves |Pumps |Flow Control |TOTAL | | |30Ãâ€"3750 |30Ãâ€"6250 |30Ãâ€"1200 | | |Machine |112,500 |187,500 |36,000 |$336,000 | | 1125Ãâ€"10 |1125Ãâ€"50 |1125Ãâ€"100 | | |Receiving |11,250 |56,250 |112,500 |$180,000 | | |80Ãâ€"250 |80Ãâ€"375 |80Ãâ€"625 | | |Engineering |20,000 |30,000 |50,000 |$100,000 | | |500Ãâ€"10 |500Ãâ€"70 |500Ãâ€"220 | | |Shipping |5,000 |35,000 |110,000 |$150,000 | | |250Ãâ€"10 |250Ãâ€"50 |250Ãâ€"100 | | |Set Up |2,500 |12,500 |25,000 |$40,000 | | |$151,250/ |$321,250/ |$333,500/ |$806,000 | | |7500 |12,500 |4000 | | | | | | | | |Overhead Costs p/unit using ABC |$20. 17 |$25. 70 |$83. 38 | | Comparison between Simple Cost Accounting System and ABC System Simple Cost Accounting |Valves |Pumps |Flow Controller | |Costs p/unit |$56 |$70 |$62 | |Actual Selling Price |$86 |$87 |$105 | |Actual Profit |$30 |$17 |$43 | ABC System | |Valves |Pumps |Flow Controller | |Costs p/unit |$46. 17 |$58. 20 |$115. 38 | |Actual S elling Price |$86 |$87 |$105 | |Actual Profit |$39. 83 |$28. 80 |$(10. 38) | |Valves |Pumps |Flow Controller | |Simple Accounting Gross Margin | | | | | |34. 9% |19. 5% |41% | | | | | | |ABC Gross Margin |46. 3% |33. 1% |-9. 9% | Key Findings The previously thought â€Å"star† product, the Flow Controller when using the ABC system is identified to be actually performing poorly. The cost of producing the Flow Controller is higher then the actual selling price and producing a negative gross margin of nearly 10%. †¢ The Pumps product line which was causing the concern of management and blamed for dragging Wilkerson’s operating income to a 3% margin is in fact not doing badly. This may explain why competitors dropped their pricing. †¢ Being a simple 4 machined component product to produce and can be shipped in large lots, Wilkerson’s Valves are doing extremely well and performing well above the targeted 35% gross margin. Recommendations Increase the sellin g price of Flow Controllers by 10% to $116, making the sale price and costs per unit to be of negligible difference. Monitor the results, review and suggestion is to continue the gradual price increase into profit territory over a 6-12 month period. †¢ Cut price to Valves by 10% in order to capture market share as no competitors have tried. Based on March 2000 data, operations still have room to run at a higher capacity which in turn lowers per unit costs. †¢ Hold pricing on Pumps as the process of manufacturing is practically identical to Valves and the increase in production of Valves can be rolled over to Pumps and thus reduce costs per unit. |Valves |Pumps |Flow Controller | |Costs p/unit |$46. 17 |$58. 20 |$115. 38 | |New Selling Price |$77 |Hold |$116 | |Target Profit |$30. 83 |Hold |- | |Target gross margin |40% |Hold |0% | At Capacity Machine |Set Up |Receiving |Engineering |Shipping | |$336,000/ |$40,000/ |$180,000/ |$100,000/ |$150,000/ | |12,000 |180 |180 |1250 |400 | |=$28 p/h |=$222. 22 |=$1,000 p/run |=$80 p/h |=$375 p/ship | ———————– $336,000 $40,000 $180,000 $100,000 $150,000 Products MachineSet Up ReceivingEngineering Shipping Overhead $806,000

Computer Shopper Essay

Technology has evolved and changed throughout history and the world. In the 80’s and even early 90’s, type writers and the mail man were highly relied on when it came to communication. Today when it comes to communication now we have e-mail and text messaging. Presently different professions use computer but with different configurations. So what I did was take three known professions business, student and professional gamer. To describe what functions are needed for their profession. The Student Being a fulltime student takes a lot and requires one to be on point at every task at hand. Having all materials such as paper, books, pens and pencils. Even through textbooks breaks the bank in your pockets. The need for a notebook also known as a laptop is a major requirement. Having a notebook definitely helps a lot in everyday class curriculums. One problem is that once you have your notebook you need software such Microsoft Office. Microsoft Office is a wonderful tool when it comes to creating and reviewing documents. How can you determine what type of notebook to get though? On table 1 below, I have looked into Best Buy, one of America’s top known electronic retail companies, to see what is it that they have to offer to students. I came across Hewart Packard Pavilion A-8 series. This notebook comes with a 500 gigabyte hard drive and 4 gigabytes of memory. The processor is an Intel Celeron 2.1GHz. It is not one of Intels high end processors but for a student, it is definitely at the top of its class. The price provided by Best Buy is $429.99. The Business Man Reports, meetings, reviews, and analysis are the assignments general business men have to complete daily, weekly and/or monthly. But what type of desktop does a business man usually have in his or her office? Some random hand me down desktop provided by the IT Department? I believe so. What if you were your own boss and needed some sort of desktop that can get you  through everyday business. What type would you go for? Generally you want a desktop with a moderate processor, high on memory and a large hard drive to keep all documentation. Below on table 1, I suggested the Dell XPS desktop. Dell is popular nationwide when it comes to businesses and even schools. The Dell XPS provides 1TB of hard drive, 12GB of memory, and on top of that a 3.4 Intel 4th Generation Core. This desktop is an awesome display of business power and priced at $699.99.

KNBC's Channel 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

KNBC's Channel 4 - Essay Example It was almost too fast to follow and once a subject was completed, the feeling was one of wanting to know more. But the next subject was being discussed by then. The top stories covered in the April 30 newscast were, first, the Hollywood fire reported originally on April 29 and completely contained and put out by 8 am on April 30. One building and four small businesses were destroyed. It was like a firecracker that fizzled, although the anchors did try to make it interesting by mentioning familiar sites nearby such as the Pantages and Capitol Theaters and the building's location at the corner of Hollywood and Vine. The name of the restaurant may have been given, but it was not repeated. It was said to be similar to the Brown Derby. Also, Lindsey Lohan was mentioned as celebrating her 21st birthday at the restaurant/nightclub known for its erotic dancers. Although there apparently was no specific charge of arson, according to the anchors, because of earlier suspicious fires that might be arson, an investigation was underway to determine if the fire was accidental. KNBC does have a Web site and the story was presented in far more detail with video and photographs (Crews Investigate). The name of the restaurant was given on the Web site-Basque Restaurant and Nightclub. The second story to be presented was the May 1 protest at McArthur Park at which it was thought 25,000 to 100,000 people might attend. Because of clashes between police, demonstrators and journalists the year before, a low profile was planned by police. Previous use of force by police in 2007 embarassed both police and city officials, and the officers were retrained for the present protest. The protest was against federal immigration laws, which the Latino population felt were dividing families and were unfair. This was followed by the border protest "Stop the Mexican Government," which was quickly noted on the broadcast but not discussed in detail. The coverage of the protest was continued on Moyer and Williams' evening broadcast on May 1 and dominated the news hour, even though only 10,000 protestors showed up, not the expected 100,000, and there were no major disturbances. Again, the story again brought to mind a fizzled firecracker. The team announced the death of a San Francisco surfer killed on Monday, the 28th of April by a grey shark when he bled to death from a thigh injury. The fact that the incident occurred in Mexico was stressed. The federal interest rate was the next topic of discussion, cut .25% , which, it was noted, weakens the dollar once again. The broadcasters further discussed the fact that the government says there is no recession, even though the rising price of food and gas and the plummeting housing market does not confirm this. Except for obvious but unspoken criticism of President Bush, Moyer and Williams' political coverage was balanced with McCain offering tax credits re health costs, Hillary Clinton credited with appealing to blue collar workers, and Michelle Obama making no comment about Rev. Wright. Obama claims 10 super deligates and Hillary only 6. The final story presented was on the firefight across 580 acres of the Sierra Madre

Analysis of a Work of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of a Work of Art - Essay Example Upon careful analysis, one can understand the techniques used by the artist as well as understand the subject matter that he tried to depict. The paintings were bought off by the museum at an auction, which sold the various components of art that existed within the villa since the late 1900. The villa was thought to be owned by Publius Fannius Synistor and Lucius Herennius Florus, however, there is no clue as to who was the first owner and who it was that commissioned the paintings (JSTOR 17). This work of art belongs to the Late Republican Roman period, somewhere between 50-40 BC (The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1). The work of art reveals a quite impressive garland made out of fruits and leaves, which has been suspended from a â€Å"brilliant wall of simulated masonry† (1). The garland has a sacrificial bull’s head, that is, the bucrania, from which a red thread hangs tied to a wicker basket that contains ivy leaves and out of which a snake is uncoiling (1). The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Works of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History."  The Metropolitan Museum of Art. N.p.,  2014. Web. 19  July  2014.

Value of Education in Todays Society Research Paper

Value of Education in Todays Society - Research Paper Example Education is Important to the Economy and to Learning Civic Responsibility Participants in higher education are often more responsible financially because they are opened to a variety of higher level thinking skills. Mohan (2012) states that an individual who gains a degree is often able to find better jobs than those who do not. Mohan also states that people are less likely to accept public assistance if they have a good job. Brand (2010) states that education puts people into the position of becoming more civic minded. Brand notes that as people excel in college, they are less likely to be involved in volunteer work. Education opens people’s minds and directs them to a better life. This is an important feature of education that is true across cultures. Education is Important to Career Advancement Many people want to advance in their careers. Many times, they only way for advancement is to gain more education. In many corporate settings, as employees gain certain levels of ed ucation, they can move into management other positions. Education helps an individual see other opportunities and put into place goals and objectives that are important to their own career growth. Comunian, Faggian, and Jewell (2011) point out that there are a variety of careers that are successful when people are looking for jobs. When someone has education they can also begin at a better salary than they would if they only have a high school education. A higher salary may mean that a person will spend more money in the economy and this will help society improve. Educated people are able to critically think in many situations. Baum and Payea (2005) state that when people have a college education it provides... This paper approves that Education creates leaders. Leaders are important in any society because they are at the head of most organizations. Chyns, Kiefer, Kerschreiter and Tymon state that education is important to self-awareness and leadership development. The authors studied leadership and found that leaders must be able to understand the environments in which they work. Leaders also have an understanding of how to lead people and get them to do what is needed. This is important because without strong leadership, most organizations fail. This essay comes to a conclusion that education is important to society on many levels. Education drives a society and can help it transition to a stronger community. Education is important to enhance a society and to make it stronger. When someone is gaining education, he or she learns how to help others achieve as they take the role of leadership. Education is important to the economy because educated people spend more and they pay more taxes. They also pay taxes. Both situations bring people together and help the society grow. Most organizations are working with a diverse work group which means that training should be involved with them to understand more about cultures and about what culture looks like. In a global world, it is important is to be culturally sensitive to the needs of all workers and this come with education and training. There is no doubt that education is important to society. There are a variety of ways that educated people help the economy.

Adviertisment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adviertisment - Essay Example Rumors may tarnish the quality of a product, but adverts will tend to assure that the product is good. Whether pitching or promoting products and services, all businesses need to make advertisements in order to make connections with their current and prospective customers. Small scale businesses face challenges in making choices on whether to spend their small advertising budgets on television or posters. Print adverts often come with lower sticker prices than the television adverts. TV adverts are strong and have a variety of advantages that the posters lack. Making adverts over the television is more effective than the posters because it reaches out to customers over a wide area at the same time. This survey product on 20th of April 2014 and was given to ilac students , teacher who were in pre-degree iii classes on 8th of April 2014.there were 26persons received this survey however all that people who answered were asked to be anonymous, only there ages and countries can be recorded. Because ilac is an international language school, all of people who answered that surveys covered a particular age from 17-40 years old, include 11 different countries these anonymous were given survey with 10 questions about advertisement. Six of the respondents from Ilac, Russia and two from Asia said advertisements are meant to increase sales in a business. Increasing the sales result in an increase in the profits of a business. But making more sales is not the only use of making. Advertisements can be used as a way of introducing services and products in the market. Through adverts, people who get access to them will learn about the new product without necessarily having to buy them. Adverts can also be used to impress and motivate different trade channels. Making an advertisement about a product may change the perception of how people or consumers think concerning the product. Rumors may tarnish the quality of a product, but

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Business Ethics - Essay Example Concerns of the results of growth in population, increased environmental pollution, and fossil fuel depletion have led to uncertainty about the fabulous continuous technological growth. In counter intuitive argument, science is the best ground in the analysis and approach to real life aspects. Ostensibly, the advancement in technology has failed to preserve natural resources that are of utter importance for human existence. Simon’s technological project analyses whether the supply of natural resources like energy is infinite. The technological project concludes that the supply of natural resources is infinite. Hence, the notion that natural resources are finite in terms of supply is misleading, erroneous, and perverts the intellects of great scientists. Clever reasoning must be supported by historical facts prior to concluding that natural resources are finite for the mere fact that most are nonrenewable. The oil reserves of the world are sufficient to meet the needs of the world. Simon reflects the technological project through analyzing the idea of supply of natural resources and misconceptions that made powerful minds to end up into errors. Simon’s exploration shows that the supply of natural resources where energy is on the forefront of the analysis is unlimited. He also extensively and comprehensively review literatures on the topic and identifies flaws that besmirched the conclusion s of the